ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: User charges have been advocated on efficiency grounds despite the widespread criticism about their adverse effect on equity. We assessed the effect of user charges on inpatient hospitalizations rate and equity in Haryana State. Methods: The inpatient department (IPD) statistics of the public sector facilities in Yamuna Nagar district where user charges had been introduced were analysed and compared with Rohtak district which did not have user charge between 2000 and 2006. National Sample Survey data of Haryana for the 2004-2005 period were analyzed to compare utilization of public sector facilities for hospitalization, cost of hospitalization, and prevalence of catastrophic out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure by income quintiles in three districts which had user charges and 17 districts of Haryana which did not levy user charges. Results: During 2000 and 2006, hospital admissions declined by 23.8 per cent in Yamuna Nagar district where user charges had been introduced compared to an almost static hospitalization rate in Rohtak district which did not have user charges (P<0.01). Public sector hospital utilization for inpatient services had a pro-rich (concentration index 0.144) distribution in the three districts with user charges and pro-poor (concentration index -0.047) in the 17 districts without user charges. Significantly higher prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure was observed in public sector institutions with user charges (48%) compared to those without user charges (35.4%) (P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: The findings of our study showed that user charges had a negative influence on hospitalizations in Haryana especially among the poor. Public policies for revenue generation should avoid user charges.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Income inequality is associated with poor health. Inequities exist in service utilization and financing for health care. Health care costs push high number of households into poverty in India. We undertook this study to ascertain inequities in health status, service utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures in two States in north India namely, Haryana and Punjab, and Union Territory of Chandigarh. Methods: Data from National Sample Survey 60th Round on Morbidity and Health Care were analyzed by mean consumption expenditure quintiles. Indicators were devised to document inequities in the dimensions of horizontal and vertical inequity; and redistribution of public subsidy. Concentration index (CI), and equity ratio in conjunction with concentration curve were computed to measure inequity. Results: Reporting of morbidity and hospitalization rate had a pro-rich distribution in all three States indicating poor utilization of health services by low income households. Nearly 57 and 60 per cent households from poorest income quintile in Haryana and Punjab, respectively faced catastrophic OOP hospitalization expenditure at 10 per cent threshold. Lower prevalence of catastrophic expenditure was recorded in higher income groups. Public sector also incurred high costs for hospitalization in selected three States. Medicines constituted 19 to 47 per cent of hospitalization expenditure and 59 to 86 per cent OPD expenditure borne OOP by households in public sector. Public sector hospitalizations had a pro-poor distribution in Haryana, Punjab and Chandigarh. Interpretation & conclusions: Our analysis indicates that public sector health service utilization needs to be improved. OOP health care expenditures at public sector institutions should to be curtailed to improve utilization of poorer segments of population. Greater availability of medicines in public sector and regulation of their prices provide a unique opportunity to reduce public sector OOP expenditure.
Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility , Health Status Disparities , Humans , India , Rural Health Services/organization & administration , Rural Health Services/standards , Rural Population , Social Problems , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Health Services/organization & administration , Urban Health Services/standards , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade aquisitiva do trabalhador para pagar medicamentos utilizados no tratamento de doenças crônicas e a disponibilidade desses medicamentos na forma de referência, similar ou genérica para fornecimento gratuito no setor público. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se metodologia preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e Health Action International (HAI) para coleta padronizada de informações sobre preços de venda no setor privado e disponibilidade no setor público de medicamentos em seis cidades do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu de novembro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009. A capacidade aquisitiva foi estimada como o número de dias do salário que um trabalhador com rendimento de 1 salário mínimo nacional necessita trabalhar para adquirir, em uma farmácia privada, a quantidade necessária de medicamento para 1 mês de tratamento. A disponibilidade foi avaliada verificando-se a presença dos medicamentos nas farmácias do setor público. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa incluiu 22 estabelecimentos públicos e 30 farmácias privadas. Dos 21 medicamentos utilizados no tratamento de sete doenças crônicas, apenas nove eram disponibilizados gratuitamente nos seis municípios pesquisados. O percentual médio da disponibilidade variou de 83,3 por cento (São Leopoldo) a 97,6 por cento (Caxias do Sul). A capacidade aquisitiva variou de 0,4 a 10,5 dias de salário para medicamentos de referência; de 0,2 a 8,4 dias de salário para medicamentos similares; e de 0,3 a 3,8 dias de salário para medicamentos genéricos. CONCLUSÕES: A disponibilidade geral dos medicamentos pesquisados foi superior aos 80 por cento recomendados pela OMS; porém, alguns tratamentos não estavam disponíveis, ou apresentaram uma disponibilidade limitada no setor público. A capacidade aquisitiva dos trabalhadores nos municípios estudados indicou um comprometimento de dias do salário que pode afetar a continuidade dos tratamentos com medicamentos para doenças crônicas.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the affordability by workers of drugs used for treatment of chronic diseases, as well as the availability of the reference, similar, or generic forms of these drugs in the public health care system. METHODS: We employed the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI) for the standardized collection of information on selling prices in the private sector and availability in the public health care system of drugs in six cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected from November 2008 to January 2009. Affordability was estimated as the number of salary days required for a worker receiving the national minimum wage to buy, in a private pharmacy, the amount of medication required for one month of treatment. Availability was assessed by the presence of these drugs in public health care system facilities. RESULTS: Twenty-two public facilities and 30 private pharmacies were studied. Of 21 drugs used for the treatment of seven chronic disorders, only nine were available free of charge in the six cities. Mean availability ranged from 83.3 percent (São Leopoldo) to 97.6 percent (Caxias do Sul). Affordability ranged from 0.4 to 10.5 salary days for reference drugs, 0.2 to 8.4 salary days for similar drugs, and 0.3 to 3.8 salary days for generic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The overall availability of the drugs surveyed was higher than the 80 percent recommended by WHO. However, some treatments were not available, or had limited availability in the public system. Concerning affordability, the number of salary days required to buy these drugs may affect the continuation of drug treatments for chronic diseases.